{"id":69794,"date":"2025-10-17T19:04:43","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T19:04:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/andisheh-nou.org\/?p=69794"},"modified":"2025-10-18T07:27:27","modified_gmt":"2025-10-18T07:27:27","slug":"%d8%b9%d8%af%d9%85-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%85%d9%84-%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/andisheh-nou.org\/?p=69794","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641. \u0647\u0648\u0634\u200c\u06cc\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u06f2\u06f5 \u0645\u0647\u0631 \u06f1\u06f4\u06f0\u06f4<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00ab\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0650 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u00bb<sup>[1]<\/sup> \u0646\u062e\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f4\u06f9 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\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0647\u0654 \u00ab\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u00bb \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0628\u0647\u200c\u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u200f\u25cf \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0644\u2013\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0648\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0627 \u00ab\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0650 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u00bb\u060c \u00ab\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0650 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0650 \u0639\u062f\u0645\u200c\u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u00bb \u0648 \u00ab\u06af\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u00bb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u067e\u0698\u0648\u0647\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u06a9\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0648\u06a9\u0648\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u06cc (Kossowska &amp; Bukowski, 2023\u061b Buchholz &amp; Kruglanski, 2024) \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0654 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637:&nbsp;\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u00ab\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u00bb (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Need_for_cognition\">Need for closure NF<\/a>) \u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645\u200c\u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc\u062a (Intolerance of uncertainty IU)\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 (Tolerance of Ambiguity &#8211; TA) \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u00ab\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0650 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u00bb \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u00ab\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc\u062a\u00bb \u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u200c \u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u0642 \u0633\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0654 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc (TA\u060c NFC\u060c IU) \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062f\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0637\u062d\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06af\u0641\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u200c\u0640\u200c\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/andisheh-nou.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-72.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"471\" src=\"https:\/\/andisheh-nou.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-72-1024x471.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-69795\" srcset=\"https:\/\/andisheh-nou.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-72-1024x471.png 1024w, https:\/\/andisheh-nou.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-72-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/andisheh-nou.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-72-768x353.png 768w, https:\/\/andisheh-nou.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image-72.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/desktop-app-resource\/photo\/6022512402580486653\/5109934589151139936\"><\/a><strong>\u25cf \u0633\u0627\u0632\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0641) \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0632\u0645 \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a (\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u200c\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0641\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f)\u060c \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062a\u0646\u0634 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u00ab\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc\u00bb \u067e\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062f: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0647\u0628\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u06a9\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u200c \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647. <a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0628) \u062a\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0646<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f: \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u00ab\u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647\u00bb \u0648 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0654 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u06a9\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u064b \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0627\u0633\u062e\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u062c) \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u00bb \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u0654 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9_(%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87)\">\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0642\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0698\u0648\u0627\u06a9<\/a>\u00bb (Echo Chambers) \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0686\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 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\u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0634\u062f. \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0635\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0646\u062c\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062e\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0698\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 (&#8220;\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u0634\u0647&#8221;\u060c &#8220;\u0647\u06cc\u0686\u200c\u06af\u0627\u0647&#8221;\u060c &#8220;\u062f\u0634\u0645\u0646&#8221;\u060c &#8220;\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0646&#8221;) \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u0634\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u00ab\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0650 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c\u06cc\u00bb (\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u062a\u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645)\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0642\u0637\u0639\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u062f\u0641\u060c \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u0632\u0646\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>____________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u00bb (Intolerance of Ambiguity) \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0644-\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632\u0648\u06cc\u06a9 (Else Frenkel-Brunswik) \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f4\u06f9 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 &#8220;Intolerance of Ambiguity as an Educational and Perceptual Personality Variable&#8221; \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u06a9 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0630\u0647\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>____________________________________________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u062f\u0647:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u25cf&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Carleton, R. N. (2020). Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty and intolerance of uncertainty. Clinical Psychology Review, 76, 101\u2013113.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u25cf&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hirsh, J. B., &amp; Kang, S. K. (2021). Ambiguity intolerance and political ideology: Revisiting the cognitive roots of conservatism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(6), 1334\u20131350.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u25cf&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rosen, N. O., &amp; Ivanova, E. (2022). Ambiguity tolerance and psychological well-being in the era of global uncertainty. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 865234.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u25cf&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Kossowska, M., &amp; Bukowski, M. (2023). Need for cognitive closure and intolerance of ambiguity: Two sides of epistemic rigidity. Personality and Individual Differences, 208, 112226.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u25cf&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Buchholz, K. B., &amp; Kruglanski, A. W. (2024). Cognitive closure, uncertainty, and social polarization. Political Psychology, 45(2), 217\u2013236.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zheng, W., &amp; Li, C. (2025). Cultural differences in intolerance of ambiguity and decision-making under risk. 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